OEM Nqus Cryogenic Ntaus Yeeb Nkab Series
Hloov pauv cov kua dej Cryogenic kom zoo rau kev ua tau zoo: Peb OEM Nqus Cryogenic Device Pipe Series muaj cov kav dej zoo tsim tshwj xeeb rau cov khoom siv cryogenic hauv lub tshuab nqus tsev. Cov kav dej no xyuas kom muaj kev hloov pauv ntawm cov kua dej cryogenic, tswj kev ncaj ncees thiab kev ua haujlwm ntawm cov txheej txheem kev lag luam. Nrog lawv cov qauv tsim thiab kev tsim kho zoo tshaj plaws, peb cov kav dej pab txhawb rau tag nrho cov kev ua tau zoo thiab kev ntseeg siab ntawm cov ntawv thov cryogenic hauv ntau qhov chaw tsim khoom. Customizable Options kom tau raws li Cov Kev Xav Tau Tshwj Xeeb: Peb nkag siab tias cov txheej txheem kev lag luam muaj cov kev cai tshwj xeeb, thiab yog li ntawd, peb OEM Nqus Cryogenic Device Pipe Series muaj cov kev xaiv kho tau kom tau raws li cov kev xav tau tshwj xeeb. Nrog kev hloov pauv ntawm qhov loj me, cov khoom siv, thiab tsim qauv, peb muab cov kev daws teeb meem uas haum rau cov kev xav tau tshwj xeeb ntawm kev lag luam sib txawv. Qhov kev hloov pauv no tso cai rau peb cov neeg siv khoom txhawm rau txhim kho kev ua tau zoo ntawm cov kav dej hauv lawv cov kev siv tshwj xeeb, ua kom cov kua dej hloov pauv tau zoo thiab sib haum. Tsim los ntawm Kev Ua Haujlwm Zoo, Kev Ntseeg, thiab Kev Txiav Txim Siab: Peb OEM Nqus Cryogenic Device Pipe Series yog tsim nyob rau hauv peb lub xeev-of-the-art chaw, qhov zoo, kev cia siab, thiab cov cuab yeej txiav-ntug yog ib qho tseem ceeb rau peb cov khoom. txheej txheem. Txhua lub yeeb nkab tau dhau qhov kev sim nruj thiab kev tswj xyuas zoo kom ntseeg tau tias kev ua tau zoo thiab txhim khu kev qha hauv kev xav tau kev lag luam ib puag ncig. Los ntawm kev sib koom ua ke nrog cov thev naus laus zis thiab cov kev daws teeb meem tshiab, peb xa cov kav dej uas ua tau raws li cov qauv siab tshaj plaws ntawm kev ua tau zoo, ruaj khov, thiab kev ua haujlwm zoo hauv lub tshuab nqus tsev cryogenic.
Video
Vacuum Insulated Piping
Vacuum Insulated Pipe (VI Piping), uas yog lub tshuab nqus tsev vacuum (VJ Piping), uas yog qhov zoo tshaj plaws hloov pauv rau cov pa hluav taws xob rwb thaiv tsev. Piv nrog cov pa hluav taws xob rwb thaiv tsev, tus nqi hluav taws xob ntawm VIP tsuas yog 0.05 ~ 0.035 npaug ntawm cov pa hluav taws xob rwb thaiv tsev. Tseem ceeb txuag hluav taws xob thiab nqi rau cov neeg siv khoom.
Cov khoom lag luam ntawm Nqus Jacketed Pipe, Nqus Jacketed Hose, Nqus Jacketed Valve, thiab Phase Separator hauv HL Cryogenic Equipment Company, uas dhau los ntawm cov kev kho mob nruj heev, yog siv rau kev hloov cov kua oxygen, kua nitrogen, kua argon, kua hydrogen, kua helium, LEG thiab LNG, thiab cov khoom siv no yog muab kev pabcuam rau cov khoom siv cryogenic (xws li cryogenic tanks, dewars thiab coldboxes thiab lwm yam) hauv kev lag luam ntawm huab cua sib cais, gases, aviation, electronics, superconductor, chips, automation los ua ke, khoom noj khoom haus & dej haus, chaw muag tshuaj, tsev kho mob, biobank, roj hmab, khoom siv tshiab tsim tshuaj engineering, hlau & hlau, thiab kev tshawb fawb tshawb fawb thiab lwm yam.
Peb hom kev sib txuas ntawm VI Piping
Peb hom kev sib txuas ntawm no tsuas yog siv rau kev sib txuas ntawm cov kav dej VI. Thaum VI Yeeb Nkab txuas nrog cov khoom siv, lub tank cia thiab lwm yam, kev sib txuas sib txuas tuaj yeem ua raws li cov neeg siv khoom xav tau.
Txhawm rau kom ua tiav qhov kev xav tau sib txawv ntawm cov neeg siv khoom, Lub Tshuab Nqus Tsev Insulated Yeeb Nkab tau tsim peb hom kev sib txuas, uas yog Vacuum Bayonet Connection Type with Clamps, Vacuum Bayonet Connection Type with Flanges and Bolts and Welded Connection Type. Lawv muaj qhov zoo sib txawv thiab tsim nyog rau kev ua haujlwm sib txawv.
Scope ntawm daim ntawv thov
| Vacuum Bayonet Kev sib txuas hom nrog Clamps | Nqus Bayonet Kev Txuas Hom nrog Flanges thiab Bolts | Welded Kev Txuas Hom | |
| Hom kev sib txuas | Clamps | Flanges thiab Bolts | Weld |
| Hom rwb thaiv tsev ntawm cov pob qij txha | Lub tshuab nqus tsev | Lub tshuab nqus tsev | Perlite los yog Vacuum |
| On-site Insulated Treatment | No | No | Yog lawm, perlite tau ntim rau hauv lossis lub tshuab nqus tsev tawm ntawm lub Tes Tsho Insulated ntawm cov pob qij txha. |
| Nominal Txoj kab uas hla ntawm Inner yeeb nkab | DN10 (3/8 ") ~ DN25 (1") | DN10 (3/8 ") ~ DN80 (3") | DN10 (3/8 ") ~ DN500 (20") |
| Tsim Siab | ≤8bar | ≤16 bar | ≤ 64 bar |
| Kev teeb tsa | Yooj yim | Yooj yim | Weld |
| Tsim Kub | -196 ℃ ~ 90 ℃ (LH2 & LHe : -270 ℃ ~ 90 ℃) | ||
| Ntev | 1 ~ 8.2m / pcs | ||
| Khoom siv | 300 Series Stainless Hlau | ||
| Nruab nrab | LN2, LOX, LAR, LH, LH2, LEG, LNG | ||
Product Scope of Supply
| Khoom | Specification | Nqus Bayonet Txuas nrog Clamps | Nqus Bayonet Txuas nrog Flanges thiab Bolts | Weld Insulated txuas |
| Vacuum Insulated Yeeb Nkab | DN 8 | YOG | YOG | YOG |
| DN15 | YOG | YOG | YOG | |
| DN 20 | YOG | YOG | YOG | |
| DN 25 | YOG | YOG | YOG | |
| DN 32 | / | YOG | YOG | |
| DN40 | / | YOG | YOG | |
| DN 50 | / | YOG | YOG | |
| DN 65 | / | YOG | YOG | |
| DN 80 | / | YOG | YOG | |
| DN100 | / | / | YOG | |
| DN125 | / | / | YOG | |
| DN150 | / | / | YOG | |
| DN200 | / | / | YOG | |
| DN 250 | / | / | YOG | |
| DN 300 Nws | / | / | YOG | |
| DN400 | / | / | YOG | |
| DN500 | / | / | YOG |
Cov yam ntxwv
| Compensator Tsim Siab | ≥4.0MPa |
| Tsim Kub | -196C ~ 90 ℃ (LH2& LHe: -270 ~ 90 ℃) |
| Ambient Kub | -50 ~ 90 ℃ |
| Vacuum Leakage Rate | ≤ 1 * 10-10Pa*m3/S |
| Nqus Qib tom qab Guarantee | ≤ 0.1 Pa |
| Txoj kev Insulated | High Vacuum Multi-Layer Rwb thaiv tsev. |
| Adsorbent thiab Getter | Yog lawm |
| NDE | 100% Radiographic Examination |
| Kuaj Siab | 1.15 Lub Sijhawm Tsim Siab |
| Nruab nrab | LO2, LN2,Lar, LH2、 LEG 、 LNG |
Dynamic thiab Static Vacuum Insulated Piping System
Vacuum Insulated (VI) Piping System tuaj yeem muab faib ua Dynamic thiab Static VI Piping System.
lLub Static VI Piping tau ua tiav hauv lub Hoobkas tsim.
lLub Dynamic VI Piping tau muab lub tshuab nqus tsev ruaj khov dua los ntawm kev txuas txuas ntxiv ntawm lub tshuab nqus tsev twj tso kua mis ntawm qhov chaw, thiab qhov seem ntawm kev sib dhos thiab cov txheej txheem kev kho mob tseem nyob hauv lub Hoobkas tsim.
| Dynamic Vacuum Insulated Piping System | Static Vacuum Insulated Piping System | |
| Taw qhia | Lub tshuab nqus tsev kawm ntawv ntawm lub tshuab nqus tsev interlayer tau saib xyuas tsis tu ncua, thiab lub tshuab nqus tsev twj tso kua mis tau txais kev tswj kom qhib thiab kaw, kom ntseeg tau tias kev ruaj ntseg thiab kev ua tau zoo ntawm lub tshuab nqus tsev kawm ntawv. | VJPs ua tiav lub tshuab nqus tsev rwb thaiv tsev ua haujlwm hauv cov chaw tsim khoom. |
| Qhov zoo | Lub tshuab nqus tsev khaws cia ruaj khov dua, feem ntau tshem tawm lub tshuab nqus tsev ua haujlwm yav tom ntej. | Kev nqis peev ntau dua thiab yooj yim rau ntawm qhov chaw installation |
| Nqus Bayonet Kev Txuas Hom nrog Clamps | Daim ntawv thov | Daim ntawv thov |
| Nqus Bayonet Kev Txuas Hom nrog Flanges thiab Bolts | Daim ntawv thov | Daim ntawv thov |
| Welded Kev Txuas Hom | Daim ntawv thov | Daim ntawv thov |
Dynamic Vacuum Insulated Piping System: Muaj Cov Hluav Taws Xob Hluav Taws Xob, Jumper Hoses thiab Lub Tshuab Nqus Tsev (nrog rau lub tshuab nqus tsev twj, solenoid li qub thiab lub tshuab nqus tsev vacuum).
Specification thiab Model
HL-PX-X-000-00-X
Hom
HL Cryogenic khoom
Kev piav qhia
PD: Dynamic VI Yeeb Nkab
PS: Static VI Pipe
Hom kev sib txuas
W: Welded Hom
B: Vacuum Bayonet Hom nrog Clamps
F: Nqus Bayonet Hom Flanges thiab Bolts
Nominal Txoj kab uas hla ntawm Inner yeeb nkab
010: NPE 10
…
080: NPE
…
500: DN500
Tsim Siab
08: 8 ywb
16:16 ib
25: 25 Ib
32:32 ib
40:40 ib
Khoom siv ntawm cov yeeb nkab sab hauv
A: SS304
B: SS304L
Qauv: SS316
D: SS316L
E: Lwm yam
Static Vacuum Insulated Piping System
| Mua odel | Kev sib txuasHom | Nominal Txoj kab uas hla ntawm Inner yeeb nkab | Tsim Siab | Khoom sivntawm Inner Pipe | Txuj | Lus ceeb toom |
| HLPSib 01008X | Nqus Bayonet Kev Txuas Hom nrog Clamps rau Static Vacuum Insulated Piping System | DN10, 3/8 " | 8bar ua
| 300 Series Stainless Hlau | ASME B31.3 | X: Khoom siv ntawm cov yeeb nkab sab hauv. A yog 304, B yog 304L, C yog 316, D yog 316L, E yog lwm yam. |
| HLPSib 01508X | DN15, 1/2 " | |||||
| HLPSB02008X | DN20, 3/4 " | |||||
| HLPSwb 02508X | DN25, 1 " |
Nominal Diameter ntawm Inner Pipe:Pom zoo ≤ DN25 lossis 1 ". Los yog xaiv lub Vacuum Bayonet Connection Type nrog Flanges thiab Bolts (los ntawm DN10, 3/8" rau DN80, 3"), Welded Connection Type VIP (los ntawm DN10, 3/8" rau DN500, 20" )
Nominal Txoj kab uas hla ntawm cov yeeb nkab sab nraud:Pom zoo los ntawm Enterprise Standard ntawm HL Cryogenic Equipment. Nws kuj tuaj yeem ua tau raws li qhov xav tau ntawm cov neeg siv khoom.
Tsim Siab: Pom zoo ≤ 8 bar. Los yog xaiv lub Vacuum Bayonet Connection Type nrog Flanges thiab Bolts (≤16 bar), Welded Connection Type (≤64 bar)
Khoom siv ntawm cov yeeb nkab: Yog tsis muaj kev tshwj xeeb, cov khoom siv ntawm cov yeeb nkab sab hauv thiab cov yeeb nkab sab nraud yuav raug xaiv tib yam.
| Mua odel | Kev sib txuasHom | Nominal Txoj kab uas hla ntawm Inner yeeb nkab | Tsim Siab | Khoom sivntawm Inner Pipe | Txuj | Lus ceeb toom |
| HLPSF01000x ib | Nqus Bayonet Kev Txuas Hom nrog Flanges thiab Bolts rau Static Vacuum Insulated Piping System | DN10, 3/8 " | 8-16 hli | 300 Series Stainless Hlau | ASME B31.3 | 00: Tsim Siab. 08 yog 8,. 16 yog 16bar.
X: Khoom siv ntawm cov yeeb nkab sab hauv. A yog 304, B yog 304L, C yog 316, D yog 316L, E yog lwm yam. |
| HLPSf015 ua00x ib | DN15, 1/2 " | |||||
| HLPSf020 ua00x ib | DN20, 3/4 " | |||||
| HLPSf025 ua00x ib | DN25, 1 " | |||||
| HLPSf032 ua00x ib | DN32, 1-1/4 " | |||||
| HLPSf040 ua00x ib | DN40, 1-1/2 " | |||||
| HLPSf050 ua00x ib | DN50, 2 " | |||||
| HLPSf065 ua00x ib | DN65, 2-1/2 " | |||||
| HLPSf080 ua00x ib | DN80, 3 " |
Nominal Diameter ntawm Inner Pipe:Pom zoo ≤ DN80 lossis 3 ". Los yog xaiv hom kev sib txuas Welded (los ntawm DN10, 3/8" rau DN500, 20"), Nqus Bayonet Kev Txuas Hom nrog Clamps (los ntawm DN10, 3/8" rau DN25, 1").
Nominal Txoj kab uas hla ntawm cov yeeb nkab sab nraud:Pom zoo los ntawm Enterprise Standard ntawm HL Cryogenic Equipment. Nws kuj tuaj yeem ua tau raws li qhov xav tau ntawm cov neeg siv khoom.
Tsim Siab: Pom zoo ≤ 16 bar. Los yog xaiv Welded Connection Type (≤64 bar).
Khoom siv ntawm cov yeeb nkab: Yog tsis muaj kev tshwj xeeb, cov khoom siv ntawm cov yeeb nkab sab hauv thiab cov yeeb nkab sab nraud yuav raug xaiv tib yam.
| Mua odel | Kev sib txuasHom | Nominal Txoj kab uas hla ntawm Inner yeeb nkab | Tsim Siab | Khoom sivntawm Inner Pipe | Txuj | Lus ceeb toom |
| HLPSwb 01000x ib | Welded Connection Hom rau Static Vacuum Insulated Piping System | DN10, 3/8 " | 8-64 hli | 300 Series Stainless Hlau | ASME B31.3 | 00: Tsim Siab 08 yog 8,. 16 yog 16bar, thiab 25, 32, 40, 64.
X: Khoom siv ntawm cov yeeb nkab sab hauv. A yog 304, B yog 304L, C yog 316, D yog 316L, E yog lwm yam. |
| HLPSwb 01500x ib | DN15, 1/2 " | |||||
| HLPSwb 02000x ib | DN20, 3/4 " | |||||
| HLPSwb 02500x ib | DN25, 1 " | |||||
| HLPSwb 03200x ib | DN32, 1-1/4 " | |||||
| HLPSwb 04000x ib | DN40, 1-1/2 " | |||||
| HLPSwb 05000x ib | DN50, 2 " | |||||
| HLPSwb 06500x ib | DN65, 2-1/2 " | |||||
| HLPSwb 08000x ib | DN80, 3 " | |||||
| HNWS 10000x ib | DN100, 4 " | |||||
| HNWS 12500x ib | DN125, 5 " | |||||
| HNWS 15000x ib | DN150, 6 " | |||||
| HNWS 20000x ib | DN200, 8 " | |||||
| HNWS 25000x ib | DN250, 10 " | |||||
| HNWS 30000x ib | DN300, 12 " | |||||
| HSIB 35000x ib | DN350, 14 " | |||||
| HNWS 40000x ib | DN400, 16 " | |||||
| HSIB 45000x ib | DN450, 18 " | |||||
| HNWS 50000x ib | DN500, 20 " |
Nominal Txoj kab uas hla ntawm cov yeeb nkab sab nraud:Pom zoo los ntawm Enterprise Standard ntawm HL Cryogenic Equipment. Nws kuj tuaj yeem ua tau raws li qhov xav tau ntawm cov neeg siv khoom.
Khoom siv ntawm cov yeeb nkab: Yog tsis muaj kev tshwj xeeb, cov khoom siv ntawm cov yeeb nkab sab hauv thiab cov yeeb nkab sab nraud yuav raug xaiv tib yam.
Dynamic Vacuum Insulated Piping System
| Mua odel | Kev sib txuasHom | Nominal Txoj kab uas hla ntawm Inner yeeb nkab | Tsim Siab | Khoom sivntawm Inner Pipe | Txuj | Lus ceeb toom |
| HLPwb 01008X | Nqus Bayonet Kev Txuas Hom nrog Clamps rau Static Vacuum Insulated Piping System | DN10, 3/8 " | 8bar ua | 300 Series Stainless Hlau | ASME B31.3 | X:Khoom siv ntawm cov yeeb nkab sab hauv. A yog 304, B yog 304L, C yog 316, D yog 316L, E yog lwm yam. |
| HLPDib 01508X | DN15, 1/2 " | |||||
| HLPDB02008X | DN20, 3/4 " | |||||
| HLPDwb 02508X | DN25, 1 " |
Nominal Diameter ntawm Inner Pipe:Pom zoo ≤ DN25 lossis 1 ". Los yog xaiv lub Vacuum Bayonet Connection Type nrog Flanges thiab Bolts (los ntawm DN10, 3/8" rau DN80, 3"), Welded Connection Type VIP (los ntawm DN10, 3/8" rau DN500, 20" )
Nominal Txoj kab uas hla ntawm cov yeeb nkab sab nraud:Pom zoo los ntawm Enterprise Standard ntawm HL Cryogenic Equipment. Nws kuj tuaj yeem ua tau raws li qhov xav tau ntawm cov neeg siv khoom.
Tsim Siab: Pom zoo ≤ 8 bar. Los yog xaiv lub Vacuum Bayonet Connection Type nrog Flanges thiab Bolts (≤16 bar), Welded Connection Type (≤64 bar)
Khoom siv ntawm cov yeeb nkab: Yog tsis muaj kev tshwj xeeb, cov khoom siv ntawm cov yeeb nkab sab hauv thiab cov yeeb nkab sab nraud yuav raug xaiv tib yam.
Fais fab xwm txheej:Lub chaw yuav tsum tau muab lub zog rau lub tshuab nqus tsev twj thiab qhia HL Cryogenic Equipment cov ntaub ntawv hluav taws xob hauv zos (Voltage thiab Hertz)
| Mua odel | Kev sib txuasHom | Nominal Txoj kab uas hla ntawm Inner yeeb nkab | Tsim Siab | Khoom sivntawm Inner Pipe | Txuj | Lus ceeb toom |
| HLPDF 010 ua00x ib | Nqus Bayonet Kev Txuas Hom nrog Flanges thiab Bolts rau Static Vacuum Insulated Piping System | DN10, 3/8 " | 8-16 hli | 300 Series Stainless Hlau | ASME B31.3 | 00: Tsim Siab. 08 yog 8,. 16 yog 16bar.
X: Khoom siv ntawm cov yeeb nkab sab hauv. A yog 304, B yog 304L, C yog 316, D yog 316L, E yog lwm yam. |
| HLPDf015 ua00x ib | DN15, 1/2 " | |||||
| HLPDf020 ua00x ib | DN20, 3/4 " | |||||
| HLPDf025 ua00x ib | DN25, 1 " | |||||
| HLPDf032 ua00x ib | DN32, 1-1/4 " | |||||
| HLPDf040 ua00x ib | DN40, 1-1/2 " | |||||
| HLPDf050 ua00x ib | DN50, 2 " | |||||
| HLPDf065 ua00x ib | DN65, 2-1/2 " | |||||
| HLPDf080 ua00x ib | DN80, 3 " |
Nominal Diameter ntawm Inner Pipe:Pom zoo ≤ DN80 lossis 3 ". Los yog xaiv hom kev sib txuas Welded (los ntawm DN10, 3/8" rau DN500, 20"), Nqus Bayonet Kev Txuas Hom nrog Clamps (los ntawm DN10, 3/8" rau DN25, 1").
Nominal Txoj kab uas hla ntawm cov yeeb nkab sab nraud:Pom zoo los ntawm Enterprise Standard ntawm HL Cryogenic Equipment. Nws kuj tuaj yeem ua tau raws li qhov xav tau ntawm cov neeg siv khoom.
Tsim Siab: Pom zoo ≤ 16 bar. Los yog xaiv Welded Connection Type (≤64 bar).
Khoom siv ntawm cov yeeb nkab: Yog tsis muaj kev tshwj xeeb, cov khoom siv ntawm cov yeeb nkab sab hauv thiab cov yeeb nkab sab nraud yuav raug xaiv tib yam.
Fais fab xwm txheej:Lub chaw yuav tsum tau muab lub zog rau lub tshuab nqus tsev twj thiab qhia HL Cryogenic Equipment cov ntaub ntawv hluav taws xob hauv zos (Voltage thiab Hertz)
| Mua odel | Kev sib txuasHom | Nominal Txoj kab uas hla ntawm Inner yeeb nkab | Tsim Siab | Khoom sivntawm Inner Pipe | Txuj | Lus ceeb toom |
| HLPDW01000x ib | Welded Connection Hom rau Dynamic Vacuum Insulated Piping System | DN10, 3/8 " | 8-64 hli | Stainless hlau 304, 304L, 316, 316L | ASME B31.3 | 00: Tsim Siab 08 yog 8,. 16 yog 16bar, thiab 25, 32, 40, 64. .
X: Khoom siv ntawm cov yeeb nkab sab hauv. A yog 304, B yog 304L, C yog 316, D yog 316L, E yog lwm yam. |
| HLPDW01500x ib | DN15, 1/2 " | |||||
| HLPDW02000x ib | DN20, 3/4 " | |||||
| HLPwb 02500x ib | DN25, 1 " | |||||
| HLPDwb 03200x ib | DN32, 1-1/4 " | |||||
| HLPDwb 04000x ib | DN40, 1-1/2 " | |||||
| HLPDwb 05000x ib | DN50, 2 " | |||||
| HLPDwb 06500x ib | DN65, 2-1/2 " | |||||
| HLPDwb 08000x ib | DN80, 3 " | |||||
| HLWD 10000x ib | DN100, 4 " | |||||
| HLWD 12500x ib | DN125, 5 " | |||||
| HLWD 15000x ib | DN150, 6 " | |||||
| HLWD 20000x ib | DN200, 8 " | |||||
| HLWD 25000x ib | DN250, 10 " | |||||
| HLWD 30000x ib | DN300, 12 " | |||||
| HLWD 35000x ib | DN350, 14 " | |||||
| HLWD 40000x ib | DN400, 16 " | |||||
| HLWD 45000x ib | DN450, 18 " | |||||
| HLWD 50000x ib | DN500, 20 " |
Nominal Txoj kab uas hla ntawm cov yeeb nkab sab nraud:Pom zoo los ntawm Enterprise Standard ntawm HL Cryogenic Equipment. Nws kuj tuaj yeem ua tau raws li qhov xav tau ntawm cov neeg siv khoom.
Khoom siv ntawm cov yeeb nkab: Yog tsis muaj kev tshwj xeeb, cov khoom siv ntawm cov yeeb nkab sab hauv thiab cov yeeb nkab sab nraud yuav raug xaiv tib yam.
Fais fab xwm txheej:Lub chaw yuav tsum tau muab lub zog rau lub tshuab nqus tsev twj thiab qhia HL Cryogenic Equipment cov ntaub ntawv hluav taws xob hauv zos (Voltage thiab Hertz)
